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Workers reduce poured concrete foundations to pieces smaller than the size of a 75 mm munition at a house on the Spring Valley FUDS in May 2015 to ensure no items were inadvertently captured in the foundation during construction. (USACE courtesy photo)A Marooka loaded with contaminated soil from the Fort Rousseau FUDS drives onto a landing craft at the historical park. (Photo by Aaron Shewman)Old sewer infrastructure is removed from the Buxton Naval Facility FUDS in March 2026. (USACE Photo)

Defending America, Restoring America

USACE's enduring commitment to national security, environmental stewardship

By Chaela M. Smith
Environmental Division Chief, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

     This year, we celebrate America’s 250th anniversary. Throughout our nation’s history, our landscape has been used to build up our nation’s defenses and preserve America’ strategic advantage, promoting our ability to test and train as we fight to protect and defend our nation. Whether it be through the Nike missile sites tactically positioned around major metropolitan areas to cannon-lined forts along our waterways, or military depots and industrial facilities supporting our armed forces, America has been and will always remain postured to protect and preserve our livelihood.

     Protecting our nation requires more than strong defense, it also requires environmental stewardship, which is foundational to ensuring mission readiness. This environmental stewardship is an enduring mission here at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, as we are cleaning up the past to protect our nation’s future, making this commitment inseparable to national security.

     Legacy environmental issues from past operations, such as historical defense sites to contaminated properties, have the potential to pose real risks to military readiness, community health, and mission effectiveness. However, throughout our enduring history the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has faced these challenges head on. This is being accomplished through the more than $2 billion worth of environmental cleanup and quality work we execute each to year to not only clean up historic defense sites but also provide the environmental technical expertise to support our Department of War and interagency partners in their endeavors. 

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     Safe environments support strong missions. As the demands of our military have evolved throughout history, so have the demands of the infrastructure and land needed to train and support our Soldiers, airmen, sailors, and Marines, as well as to test new weapons and warfare capabilities. As these transitions occurred, properties that were no longer needed were cleaned up according to the best practices available at that time. In many cases, however, historical cleanup standards and environmental knowledge differed from those used today. Under programs such as the Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS) program and Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP), we are addressing this legacy contamination to protect human health and the environment while supporting beneficial reuse. This work aids in our ability to remedy environmental consequences of our nation’s defense posture, so that we can maintain that posture effectively into the future. This work also gives us the ability to deepen interagency partnerships and uphold our obligations to the communities we serve.

     In commemoration of America’s 250th anniversary — as well as the U.S. Army’s 251st birthday — we are highlighting some of the work we have accomplished under the FUDS program. Environmental stewardship is not supplementary to our mission; it is central to it.  At the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, we do not compromise on safety — our environmental cleanup efforts reflect our duty not just to defend our nation, but the people who live in it.


The Legacy We Leave Behind

The FUDS program's role in restoring former defense sites 

The Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS) program is one of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' most visible examples of environmental stewardship in action. On behalf of the Department of War, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers investigates and, when necessary, cleans up properties previously used by the military, helping ensure former defense sites can be safely used by future generations.

The scope of that mission is substantial. More than 10,000 potential FUDS properties have been identified across the United States and its territories, ranging from less than an acre to hundreds of thousands of acres. As of Sept. 30, 2025, approximately 5,450 sites had been identified for investigation and cleanup. Cleanup actions have been completed at nearly 3,850 sites, while work continues at more than 1,600 others. Depending on a site's history, response actions may include munitions removal, remediation of hazardous, toxic and radioactive waste, demolition of unsafe structures or other measures necessary to address risks associated with former military activities.

"The FUDS program demonstrates our commitment to responsibly addressing the environmental legacy of past defense activities while protecting communities and natural resources for future generations," said George "Chip" Whitton, FUDS national program manager with U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Headquarters. "Every site presents unique challenges, but each one reflects our ongoing dedication to public safety, environmental stewardship and service to the nation."

The following projects highlight four very different chapters in America's defense history — from Civil War-era ammunition production and World War I chemical weapons research to Cold War submarine surveillance and artillery training ranges. Together, they illustrate how the FUDS program continues to address the legacy of former military activities while preserving the stories of the sites that once helped support our nation's defense.

The Allegheny Arsenal served as a critical logistics and manufacturing center supporting Union forces as demand for munitions and supplies surged during the Civil War. (Courtesy Photo)
Allegheny Arsenal FUDS
Jun. 10, 2026 | 
Fact Sheet
The Allegheny Arsenal Formerly Used Defense Site (FUDS) traces its roots to the War of 1812 and reflects more than a century of military support to our...
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Soldiers train at the American University Experiment Station during World War I. The American University Experiment Station was closed after World War I and its historic boundaries are included within the Spring Valley Formerly Used Defense Site where the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is carrying out cleanup efforts to remove potential hazards that may remain stemming from past military activity. (Courtesy Photo)
Spring Valley FUDS
Jun. 10, 2026 | 
Fact Sheet
In the northwest section of Washington, D.C., the Spring Valley Formerly Used Defense Site (FUDS) stands as one of the most complex and historically...
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Taken from atop the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse, this photo shows the Buxton Naval Facility and its terminal building during early construction in the late 1950s. (Courtesy Photo)
Buxton Naval Facility FUDS
Jun. 10, 2026 | 
Fact Sheet
Along the Outer Banks of North Carolina, the Buxton Naval Facility Formerly Used Defense Site (FUDS) reflects the strategic importance of coastal defense...
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The Tobyhanna Artillery Ranges, shown here in 1918, was an ideal location for artillery exercises that prepared American soldiers for combat during both world wars. (Courtesy Photo)
Tobyhanna Artillery Ranges FUDS
Jun. 10, 2026 | 
Fact Sheet
Nestled within the rugged terrain of northeastern Pennsylvania, the Tobyhanna Artillery Ranges Formerly Used Defense Site (FUDS) once played a critical...
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